Used in the production of fertilizers (ammonium nitrate), explosives, and dyes. It is also essential in metal refining, etching, and semiconductor processing. In laboratories, it serves as a reagent for nitration and oxidation reactions.

Highly corrosive and oxidizing; causes severe burns and emits toxic vapors. Handle with acid-resistant PPE and proper ventilation.

Supplied in 35–68% concentrations in 35 kg or 1,000 L acid-resistant containers. Store in a cool, well-ventilated, corrosion-proof area away from organics.