Vitamins Guide

Retinol and its esters. Vitamin A Retinyl Acetate and Vitamin A Retinyl Palmitate are the stable forms used in multivitamins, infant formula and fortified oils; Vitamin A Retinyl Propionate and Vitamin A Retinyl Linoleate are chosen for skin-care formulations, and Retinal is the aldehyde intermediate used in cosmetics.

Thiamine is sold as the mononitrate for dry blends, flour fortification and feed premixes and as the hydrochloride for liquids and injectables. Vitamin B1 Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) is the active coenzyme form; Benfotiamine, Sulbutiamine and Fursultiamine are lipid-soluble derivatives used where higher absorption is required.

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin is the standard powder for tablets, feed and food colouring (E101); Vitamin B2 Riboflavin 5'-Phosphate Sodium is the water-soluble form for beverages and eye drops. Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate is the lipophilic ester, and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Disodium (FAD) the coenzyme.

Vitamin B3 Nicotinamide (niacinamide) is used in supplements, feed and topical skin care; Vitamin B3 Nicotinic Acid is the flushing form used in lipid products and feed; Vitamin B3 Inositol Hexanicotinate is the no-flush ester. The newer NAD+ precursors Vitamin B3 Nicotinamide Riboside, Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and NADH Disodium Salt serve the longevity segment.

Vitamin B5 Calcium D-Pantothenate is the tablet and premix form; Vitamin B5 Dexpanthenol (D-Panthenol) and Vitamin B5 DL-Panthenol are the liquids used in hair care, skin care and wound products; Vitamin B5 Panthenyl Ethyl Ether and Vitamin B5 Panthenyl Triacetate are cosmetic derivatives, and Vitamin B5 Pantethine is the dimer used in lipid-support supplements.

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Hydrochloride is the universal form for supplements, food fortification and feed. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate (P5P) is the active coenzyme preferred in premium formulas; Vitamin B6 Pyridoxamine and Pyridoxamine Dihydrochloride are specialty vitamers, and Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Dipalmitate is the oil-soluble cosmetic ester.

Vitamin B7 Biotin is supplied as pure D-biotin powder and as trituration grades (1% and 2%) that make microgram doses easy to blend into tablets, gummies and premixes.

Vitamin B9 Folic Acid is the synthetic form used in flour fortification, prenatal supplements and feed. The methylated folates Vitamin B9 L-Methylfolate Calcium and Vitamin B9 L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Glucosamine Salt bypass the MTHFR conversion step; Calcium Folinate (leucovorin) is the pharmaceutical folate.

Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin is the stable, low-cost form for tablets, fortification and feed; Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin and Vitamin B12 Adenosylcobalamin (Coenzyme B12) are the bioactive forms used in sublingual and premium products; Vitamin B12 Hydroxocobalamin and Hydroxocobalamin Acetate are the pharmaceutical forms for injectables. Most grades are offered as 1% and 0.1% triturations.

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid (E300) is the base product for supplements, beverages and meat curing. The mineral ascorbates (Vitamin C Sodium Ascorbate, Vitamin C Calcium Ascorbate, Vitamin C Magnesium L-Ascorbate, Vitamin C Potassium Ascorbate, Vitamin C Zinc Ascorbate) are buffered forms; Vitamin C Ascorbyl Palmitate and Vitamin C Ascorbyl Stearate are the fat-soluble antioxidants for oils. Stabilized cosmetic forms include Vitamin C 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin C Ascorbyl Glucoside, Vitamin C Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Vitamin C Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate and Vitamin C Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate.

Vitamin D3 Cholecalciferol is supplied as crystalline material, oil solutions and spray-dried powders (100,000 to 500,000 IU/g) for supplements, dairy and feed; Vitamin D2 Ergocalciferol is the plant-derived alternative. Calcifediol (25-Hydroxyvitamin D3) and Vitamin D3 Calcifediol Monohydrate (25-OH-D3) are the pre-activated forms used in feed and clinical nutrition.

Natural Vitamin E D-Alpha-Tocopherol and its esters Vitamin E D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate and Vitamin E D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Succinate serve supplements; synthetic Vitamin E DL-Alpha-Tocopherol and Vitamin E DL-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate are the feed and food fortification grades. Vitamin E Mixed Tocopherols, Vitamin E Gamma-Tocopherol and Vitamin E Delta-Tocopherol are antioxidants for oils (E306–E309); Vitamin E Tocofersolan (TPGS) is the water-soluble solubilizer, Vitamin E Sodium Tocopheryl Phosphate the cosmetic form, Vitamin E Tocotrienols the palm-derived fraction and Tocopheryl Nicotinate a vascular-health ester.

Vitamin K1 Phylloquinone is used in infant formula and clinical nutrition. Vitamin K2 Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and Vitamin K2 Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) go into bone and cardiovascular supplements. For feed, menadione (Vitamin K3) is supplied as the stabilized salts Vitamin K3 Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB), Vitamin K3 Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) and Vitamin K3 Menadione Dimethylpyrimidinol Bisulfite (MPB).

Choline Chloride is the feed-industry standard (60% corn-cob carrier or 70–75% liquid) and the food fortificant; Choline Bitartrate is the supplement form; Alpha-GPC (L-Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine) is the cognitive-support ingredient.

Inositol (myo-Inositol) is used in infant formula, energy drinks and fertility supplements; D-Chiro-Inositol is combined with it in the 40:1 ratio used for metabolic support.

L-Carnitine base, L-Carnitine L-Tartrate and L-Carnitine Fumarate are the sports-nutrition forms; Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride is used for cognitive products and Propionyl L-Carnitine Hydrochloride for cardiovascular formulas. L-Carnitine Hydrochloride and DL-Carnitine serve feed and technical applications.

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) and its reduced form Ubiquinol are the mitochondrial antioxidants of heart-health supplements; Pyrroloquinoline Quinone and its disodium salt (PQQ) are paired with them. Alpha Lipoic Acid, the enantiopure R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid and its sodium salt cover glucose-metabolism products.

Beta Carotene is both provitamin A and colour (E160a); Lutein and Zeaxanthin are the eye-health pair; Lycopene, Astaxanthin, Canthaxanthin and Cryptoxanthin are supplied as powders, beadlets and oil suspensions for supplements, food colouring and feed pigmentation (egg yolk and salmon flesh).

Betaine (trimethylglycine) is a methyl donor used in sports nutrition and feed; S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) is the stabilized tosylate disulfate used in mood and liver-support supplements.